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Physical Geography of the Niger River Basin The Niger River is Africa’s third longest river (4,200 kilometers) and encom-passes six hydrographic regions, each of which is distinguished by unique topographic and drainage characteristics. Mali’s capital, the city of Bamako, was built on both sides of the Niger River. This is more pronounced in the upper Niger in Guinea, Conakry, and Southern Mali, where water meant for the inner Niger Delta is diverted. Both the upper and the lower stretches of the river, however, drain areas with more than 50 inches (1,300 mm) of precipitation per year. From there the Niger once dropped more than 1,000 feet (300 metres) in about 40 miles (60 km) into a valley formed by tectonic subsidence; but the rapids in this stretch have been submerged by the waters backed up by the Markala Dam, located some 150 miles (240 km) downstream of the Sotuba Dam near Sansanding. The Niger is the longest river in West Africa. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com, The Most Polluted River In The World: The Citarum River. Within the Niger basin, climate shows great variability. This Central American river is the second largest and runs through Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela,… Near Numan, some 30 miles (50 km) downstream from Yola, the Benue is joined on its north bank by its most important tributary, the Gongola. The third longest river in Africa with main source water from Guinea Highlands in Southern Guinea, and merges into the Atlantic Ocean, it has the total discharge of 9,570 cubic meters per second. With a length of 2,600 miles (4,200 km), it is the third longest river in Africa, … From Lokoja downstream to the town of Idah, the Niger flows in a restricted valley, enclosed by hills and in some places flanked by sandstone cliffs up to 150 feet (45 metres) high. Transboundary rivers contain 60 percent of the world’s river flows — for two-thirds of them, there are no agreements on water sharing. The River Nile takes its name from the Greek word 'Nelios' meaning River Valley and it is the longest river in the world. These include the Joliba (Malinke: “great river”) in its upper course; the Mayo Balleo and the Isa Eghirren in its central reach; and the Kwarra, Kworra, or Quorra in its lower stretch. Updates? 3. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. According to the WWF, annually the population along the river is expanding at an average rate of 3 percent, thereby putting enormous amounts of pressure on the natural resources of the Nile River Basin. These lakes are chiefly on the left bank and are connected to the river by channels that undergo seasonal changes in the direction of flow. They are regarded as the powerhouses of the economy due to the high number of people and activities that are driven by their waters. In the inner Niger Delta, submerged, partially submerged, and marginal vegetation are rife there, alongside the algal blooms that dot the lake. Along its course it is known by several names. It begins in the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria (located in modern-day Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya), and empties into the Mediterranean Sea more than 6,600 kilometers (4,100 miles) to the north, making it one of the longest river in the world. Resource Fellow, Development Policy Centre, Ibadan. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In West Africa, it’s the longest and largest river, and is nicknamed the "Boomerang River" due to its serpentine shape. The Niger delta, which stretches for nearly 150 miles (240 km) from north to south and spreads along the coast for about 200 miles (320 km), extends over an area of 14,000 square miles (36,000 square km). The middle Niger is an area where precipitation decreases and is also the sector where the greatest amount of evaporation takes place. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger-River, Public Broadcasting Service - Niger River, Social Studies for Kids - The Niger River, Niger River - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Learn how the Niger River irrigates savannas, provides hydroelectricity, and serves as a transportation artery, Niger and Sénégal river basins and the Lake Chad basin and their drainage networks. Mean annual precipitation levels decrease northward from more than 160 inches (4,100 mm) in the delta area to less than 10 inches (250 mm) in Timbuktu. It then follows a northeasterly direction, during the course of which it receives its upper tributaries—the Mafou, the Niandan, the Milo, and the Sankarani on the right and the Tinkisso on the left—and enters Mali. The delta consists of the middle course of the Niger River, between the bifurcated Niger and its tributary, the Bani, which from here run north towards the desert. The Kandadji hydroelectric dam is built on the Niger River… Actually, it seems like it touches the border of the Congo, but it doesn't actually pass through it. From there the river Grasses like Acroceras, Amplectens, Echinochloa pyramidalis, and Erasgrostis atroviriens are found in the low-lying floodplains of the Niger River Delta. maybe you guys should check the cost of the Suez canal before you start talking trash. This bend in Mali, at Timbuktu, is a most peculiar river formation, and was created by the merging of the upper and lower Niger rivers (at one time separate rivers) via erosion. The River Niger from Onitsha in Anambra, the Ebonyi River in Ebonyi, Ogutal River in Imo state and Azumini blue River in Obuaku, Abia, all run to the Atlantic Ocean. Two major tributaries, the Sankarani and Bani Rivers, join the Niger in Mali and add to its flow. ... Today, everything from gold to migrants — to US surveillance drones, reportedly — passes through the city. Through this project, Niger intends to increase its electricity supply by an additional 130 megawatts. Downstream from Jebba, in Nigeria, the Niger enters its lower course, flowing east-southeast through a broad and shallow valley 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km) wide. At Onitsha, the largest town on the Niger’s banks in Nigeria and the third largest riverine town after Bamako and Niamey (Niger), the valley narrows as the river flows through what is probably a fault in the area’s sandstone. Boaters on the Niger River in Niamey, the country's capital. The river then turns westward into Nigeria and, for the greater part of its course, flows over a broad and fertile floodplain. Mali is a country that is situated in the west of Africa. Water flow continues to be under threat here as well, as further dams are still being proposed to be built to generate hydroelectric power and to irrigate croplands. Along with numerous other rivers, these are the … Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Some people include the Sahel as a sub-region of the Sahara Desert. Besides supporting people and their livestock, these habitats are diverse with flora and fauna. The river’s name probably comes from the Latin for black. What is Rhodesia called today? The first European to discover Niger River was Mungo Park in the 1790s. Bamako was then but a tiny village with a few local residents, but it grew over the years, largely due to the Niger River’s economic importance. Together with its tributaries, the Niger drains a total area of some 730,000 square miles (1,900,000 square km). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In modern times, the Niger River sustains a population estimated to stand at over 100 million in the countries that it flows through. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. See all videos for this article. The area of the Niger River basin in Guinea is only 4% of the total area of the basin, but the sources of the Niger River are located in this country. River Niger from its origin in the Guinean highlands in Guinea passed through Mali, Niger, Benin Republic (4 countries) before reaching Nigeria. At their confluence the Niger is about three-fourths of a mile (1 km) wide, and the Benue more than a mile. This makes up the southern border of the Sahara. The Nile is carries ten times more sediment than the Niger. The labyrinth of lakes, creeks, and backwaters comes to an end at Kabara, the port of Timbuktu (Tombouctou). The Niger and Sénégal river basins and the Lake Chad basin and their drainage networks. Niger is essentially a flat country. It takes approximately three months for the waters near the town of Jinja, Uganda (the point where the Nile leaves Lake Victoria), to reach the Mediterranean Sea. According to Wetlands International, when the Niger River floods annually, the Inner Niger Delta in Mali alone provides fish, alongside water for household and agricultural use, to around 1.5 million people. Uranium is mined close to the twin mining towns of Arlit and Akokan, 900 km northeast of the capital Niamey (more than 1200 km by road) on the southern border of the Sahara desert and on the western range of the Air mountains. lat., and from 5° 30' to 8° 30' E. The length of the Niger River is around 4,100 kilometers, according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), making it Africa’s third largest river after the Nile and Congo. Other important tributaries include the Shemankar, the Faro, the Donga, and the Katsina Ala. At high water most of the lakes become part of a general inundation. About 70 miles (110 km) from Jebba it is joined by the Kaduna River—an important tributary that contributes about one-fourth of the annual discharge of the river below the Niger-Kaduna confluence—and about 25 miles (40 km) above Lokoja the river turns to the south. The Nile River goes through many countries like Egypt and Nubia. The river has an irrigation potential of over 2.8 million hectares as well, according to FAO estimates. 647: ... Rivers by number of countries they pass through... 253: River … How many countries does the Amazon River flow through? Rivers Niger and Benue are the two longest rivers passing through the country. 2,609: ... Niger River Countries. It emerges at Aboh, separating into many branches before reaching the Gulf of Guinea via Africa’s largest delta. In 1985, these human activities contributed to the river drying up for several weeks in Malanville in the Benin Republic, though this was likely just a warning of greater catastrophes to come if these issues are not dealt with on and around the Nile River. Below Ansongo, 430 miles (690 km) downstream from Timbuktu, navigability is interrupted by a series of defiles and rapids. Issuing as the Tembi from a deep ravine 2,800 feet (850 metres) above sea level, it flows due north over the first 100 miles (160 km). Along the way the Niger passes through Guinea, MALI, NIGER, the northern edge of BENIN, and Nigeria. Length: 4,200 km One of the country's major highways links Niamey, the capital, with Agadez, a 500-year-old trading city at the Sahara Desert's doorstep. Former Pro-Chancellor, Ogun State University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria. There are diverse habitats along the flows of the Niger River. The Niger drainage system is bounded in the south by such highlands as the Fouta Djallon, the Banfora Cliffs in Burkina Faso, the Plateau of Yorubaland, and the Cameroon highlands. In total, the river spans approximately 4,132 miles. The Niger River's source is 150 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean, from where the river detours into the Sahara desert, taking a sharp right turn near Mali’s Timbuktu city, and then flowing southeast into the Gulf of Guinea. By this time it was the one of the largest African empires in terms of territory, stretching almost the entire length of the River Niger which cuts through a wide swathe of Mali but which barely touches the far south-western corner of Niger. The Nile waters flow at an average volume of 300 million cubic meters (79.2 billion gallons) per day, according to Travelling Along Rivers, a Dutch bilingual travel magazine. The Danube, Rhine, Congo, Nile, Niger, and Zambezi rivers all pass through nine or more countries. Niger River, principal river of western Africa. This most northerly bend of the Niger flows through the southern fringe of the Sahara. Waterfowls, herons, spoonbills, Black-crowned cranes, and ibises are other bird species spread across the vast Niger River Basin's ecosystems, in addition to the endemic, non-wetland, Mali fire-finch. The Niger River Basin covers 7.5 percent of the African continent, and its main tributary is the Benue River. The river is a major source of economic activities for inhabitants across the rivers banks and a natural habitat for aquatic animals. The river was used for transportation, fishing, market gardening, sand extraction, and as a trade route, according to the Royal Geographical Society. The Niger River in the western region of Africa is used for irrigation, power production, and transportation. 3,820: Texas Rivers Map Quiz. It is estimated that in the lake region the Niger loses some two-thirds of the annual volume of discharge that flows past Mopti. long. The Amazon River flows through three countries: Brazil, Colombia, … Corrections? This southern rampart forms a watershed separating the rivers of the Niger system from others that flow directly southward to the Atlantic Ocean. Descending from the Guinea highlands into Mali, the river broadens and moves slowly. The Niger River gives its name to the countries of Niger and Nigeria. At low water the strong current there endangers navigation. The swamps, lakes, and delta channels here support numerous migratory palearctic and wetland bird species, as well as such mammals as the West African manatee (or Sea-cow) and Pygmy hippo. With the exception of such highlands as the Jos Plateau, the Iforas and Aïr massifs, and the Ahaggar Mountains to the north and east, the northern edge of the Niger basin is, however, less clearly defined than the southern edge. In 2018 Niger produced 2911 tU, and cumulative production from the country was about 145,000 tU to the end of 2018. Niger, Guinea, Cote de Ivoire, Mali, Burkina Faso, Algeria, Benin, Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria are the ten African countrie… The entire Niger River Delta and its ecosystems face threats brought by oil and gas exploration, deforestation, industrial pollution, population expansion, urbanization, industrialization, coastal erosion, sand mining, and water hyacinth invasions upon native flora, according to the WWF. The Niger takes a turn South from Mali, and flows into Niger, Benin and finally Nigeria, where it empties in the Gulf of Guinea, also creating a fertile delta there. Between Idah and Onitsha the banks are lower and the country flatter. However, the Lander Brothers, Richard and John, were the first Europeans to follow the river all the way to its delta. More than 40 percent of the world’s people live in 263 river basins that straddle international borders. The Niger River is about 4,180 km long and passes through almost every climatic zone in West Africa. Navigation is seasonal, however, because of the fluctuations in the water level in the rainy and dry seasons. At Mopti the Niger is joined by the Bani, its largest tributary on the right, after which it enters a region of lakes, creeks, and backwaters that is often called the “internal delta” of the Niger. Its major tributary is the Benue River which is itself 1400 km long. As the world's longest river, the Nile River served as an important place in Ancient Egypt. The Niger River in the western region of Africa is used for irrigation, power production, and transportation. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A short way downstream the river turns to the southeast and widens considerably, flowing to Gao across a floodplain 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km) wide. A colony of British East Africa extending from the Gulf of Guinea to Lake Chad (from 4° 30' to 7°N. The concentrates are trucked 1600 km to Parakou in Benin, then railed 400 km to Cotonou port and exported for conversion, mostly to Comurhex in France. River Congo is the second longest river in Africa and the world’s deepest river with measured depths in excess of 220 m… A vast inland delta has formed along its way in Mali, owing to the shallow slope of the river and sand accumulations that have obstructed its many channels. The mouths of these channels are almost all obstructed by sandbars. Agriculture and fisheries are the most common forms of livelihood and economic activities along the river. Although many people consider it an Egyptian river, it actually flows through many countries and is the primary water source for both Egypt and Sudan. Where is Serengeti National Park? The Niger is believed to have been named by the Greeks. These human activities have resulted in diminished water levels and scarcity for humans, and habitat alteration for wildlife. Find out by taking this quiz about Africa. The quantity of water entering Mali from Guinea (40 km 3 /yr) is greater than the quantity of water entering Nigeria from … Trees, like species of Diospyros, Kigelia Africana, Acaicia nilotica, and Mimosa asperata, also grow along the Niger River. Demography. Fisherman setting his nets in the Bani River in Mali. At Lokoja the river receives the water of its greatest tributary, the Benue, thereby approximately doubling the volume of its annual discharge. Rainfall is rare north and east of the Air Massif but generally adequate in the west. The Nun River is regarded as the direct continuation of the river, but some of the other important channels include (from west to east) the Forcados, the Brass, the Sambreiro, and the Bonny. Production i… By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Niger’s headwaters are in very old rocks that contain little silt. Its primary tributaries are Sokoto River, Kaduna River, Benue River, Bani River and flow through many cities. The Niger rises in Guinea at 9°05′ N and 10°47′ W on the eastern side of the Fouta Djallon (Guinea) highlands, only 150 miles (240 km) inland from the Atlantic Ocean. The Nile Delta is approximately 100 miles (161 km) long from north to south, and it spreads out a… With a length of 2,600 miles (4,200 km), it is the third longest river in Africa, after the Nile and the Congo. Within the delta the river breaks up into an intricate network of channels called rivers. The Nile River flows from south to north through eastern Africa. Niger River, principal river of western Africa. Because of this, the river carries very little sediment. ), is bounded on the north and west by French Sudan, on the southwest by the English colony of Lagos, on the south by the Atlantic, on the east by German Kamerun. President, International Geographical Union, 1980–84. The Upper Niger River Basin headwaters are in the Fouta Djallon Massif, Guinea. The city came to being in the 19th Century, when French colonialists settled along the river. The Niger discharges into the Atlantic Ocean at an area known as t… In subsequent decades French administration spread until in 1922 Niger officially became a colony. The Niger River is known as the "boomerang" river because of its unusual crescent-like shape. Niger, Guinea, Cote de Ivoire, Mali, Burkina Faso, Algeria, Benin, Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria are the ten African countries that the river runs through. Just below Bamako, Mali’s capital, the Sotuba Dam marks the end of the upper river. The middle course of the Niger River is navigable to small craft during high water as far downstream as Ansongo—some 1,100 miles (1,770 km) in all. Niger River runs in a crescent through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta or the Oil Rivers, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The river becomes navigable to small vessels again at Labbezanga—from which it flows into Niger—and continues to be navigable to the Atlantic Ocean. Largest of the lakes in this region is Lake Faguibine, which is nearly 75 miles (120 km) long, 15 miles (25 km) wide, and more than 160 feet (50 metres) deep in places. 660: Valid Country to River. The delta is being gradually extended seaward by the increments of silt brought down by the river, and mangrove swamps extend beyond its outer edge. Together they form a lakelike stretch of water about two miles wide that is dotted with islands and sandbanks. There, the river turns almost due east, passing its most northern point at latitude 17°05′ N. Some 250 miles (400 km) downstream from Timbuktu, a rocky ridge that obstructs the course of the river is pierced by a defile (narrow gorge) more than a mile long, with an average width of about 800 feet (240 metres) and a depth of more than 100 feet (30 metres) in places. The Niger River is the longest river in Nigeria, and is shared together with such other countries as Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Benin. The Forcados, for instance, which supplanted the Nun as the most traveled channel in the early 20th century, was in turn displaced by the Escravos River in 1964. 668: A River Doesn't Run Through It. Name the major river which runs through / touches each city. The Nile River travels through 10 countries in Africa, including Eritrea, Kenya, Burundi, Uganda, Congo, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt and Rwanda. At Yola, a town 600 feet (180 metres) above sea level and some 850 miles (1,370 km) inland, the width of the river in flood is from 3,000 to 4,500 feet (910 to 1,370 metres). It derives its name from the River Niger, flowing through it. Author of. Millions of migratory birds also depend on the river for seasonal sustenance and shelter. Towns such as the river-port of Mopti, Sévaré and Djenné, with its … The river flows from the Guinea Highlands located in southeastern Guinea. To the south of the Sahara Desert is the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. In West Africa, it’s the longest and largest river, and is nicknamed the "Boomerang River" due to its serpentine shape. In this stretch, at Koulikoro, the river takes a more east-northeasterly direction, and its bed becomes fairly free from impediments for about 1,000 miles (1,600 km). What river runs through Mali? Nile River Countries 22; 5 to 1: Australia 22; Click the Niger River Countries 21; Somewhere in the Middle (Geography) 16; Click the Danube River Countries 16; 5 to 1: South America 13; 5 to 1: Rivers 9; Click the Rhine Countries 7; Topography Match-Up 4; Click the Mekong Countries 4 talking about a region that does not contribute a faden to the federation account. … Where Does The Brahmaputra River River Start And End. There also are nearly 250 freshwater fish species in the river, of which 20 are only found there in the whole world, making them endemic to the region, according to World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The Benue (meaning “Mother of Water” in the Batta language) rises at 4,400 feet (1,350 metres) above sea level on the Adamawa Plateau in northern Cameroon at about 7°40′ N and 13°15′ E. In its upper course, which extends north-northwest to its confluence with the Mayo Kébi, close to the town of Garoua, it is a mountain torrent, falling more than 2,000 feet (600 metres) over a distance of 110 miles (180 km). Niger River. Mali has four rivers.The Niger river,the Senegal river,the Bafing river and the Bakaye river. The Congo River (Kongo: Nzâdi Kôngo, French: Congo fleuve, Portuguese: Rio Congo), formerly also known as the Zaire River, is the second longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge volume, following only the Amazon.It is also the world's deepest recorded river, with measured depths in excess of 220 m (720 ft). The capital city is Niamey, with a 1998 population of approximately 500,000, located on the Niger River, which has a multiethnic population. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 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